WISDOM is a complex concept that has not been offered the unified definition. However, there is a general agreement among experts that WISDOM includes knowledge, insight, reflection, and a combination of individual’s interests with others’ interests and welfare. WISDOM is associated with older age. Elderly people (old people) experience different events of life in different ways, so that in dealing with life matters they can provide appropriate solutions. Therefore, by investigating the concept of WISDOM from the perspective of the elderly, this study analyzes and interprets WISDOM and its features.The research methodology was qualitative and the instrument used was a structured interview. The interviews conducted on 37 elderly people in Hamedan Province (age range between 60 to 81) were recorded and transcribed. The interview texts were analyzed using content analysis.The results indicated that the most important feature of wise historical figures is “serve”, and an important factor effective in their being wise included God’s grace and good family training. The results also revealed that the concept of WISDOM can be presented in 4 different forms (Religion, sympathy/support, cognition/ knowledge and personality), accordingly, the results show the spiritual and psychological/social aspects of WISDOM in old age.

This study with the aim of investigating characteristics of wise people based on IMPLICIT THEORIES was conducted in the frame of qualitative and quantitative research designs. 334participants (189 malesand145females) in three age groups of adolescent (n=113), Young (n=134) and middle-aged (n=87) who were selected randomly answered an open-ended questionnaire. Results showed that in the total sample of 334, considering all aspects of every event is at first place of mentioned traits/behaviors (39.1 percent). The other traits /behaviors were, considering all aspects of every event, faithful, thoughtful and rational, tolerant and lenient, knowledgeable, kind, respect for themselves and others, wise, farsighted and intelligent respectively. In males and females ‘view wise was at first place of mentioned traits/behaviors (35.4 and 44.8 percent respectively). The other traits/behaviors had different priorities, and only in faithful, intelligent, farsighted, thoughtful and rational, just and knowing differences were statistically significant. Furthermore, differences were seen in age groups priorities but only respect for themselves and other people was statistically significant.

Considering the facilitative role of corrective feedback in language learning, the impact of learners’ noticing on its effectiveness, and the significant contributions of individual attributes in learners’ noticing the corrective feedback, this study is designed to examine how learners’ IMPLICIT THEORIES of intelligence (Mindset), an individual attribute, predict their preferences for oral corrective feedback (henceforth, OCF). A total of 143 Iranian EFL learners participated in the study. The participants were assigned to groups of fixed mindset (N=26) and growth mindset (N=26) based on their scores on Language Mindset Inventory (LMI) scale. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed quantitatively. The results indicated that there were significant differences between the fixed-mindset and the growth-mindset groups in their beliefs toward some aspects of OCF. All in all, it can be claimed that language mindset (henceforth, LM) has a significant role in EFL learners’ beliefs about OCF. Pedagogical implications for considering learners’ LM in providing OCF are also discussed.

This research aims at discovering the traits and abilities which characterize ideal leaders in the minds of employees in an Iranian context. After employing the strategy of phenomenology to reach the components of ideal leadership, 15 tenured middle managers and employees possessing decent management knowledge in the context were interviewed and after theme analysis, global, basic, and organizing themes were extracted. The results showed that the whole themes could be categorized into two groups of prototypes and anti-prototype. Five of the themes are the prototypes labeled as charismatic, humane oriented, employee’s servant, emotionally mature, and decisive and three of them are the anti-prototype labeled as selfish, deceptive, and narrow-minded. Although some of the components of IMPLICIT Leadership THEORIES (ILTs) are generalizable, the context can produce some distinct features of ILTs. This research tried to discover IMPLICIT leadership THEORIES in an Iranian context. According to the available themes in the literature of ILTs, employee’s servant, emotionally mature and decisive are the three novel prototypes and deceptive and narrow-minded are the new anti-prototypeanti-prototype. Moreover, this is the first study using interview to discover ILTs with the inclusion of data retrieved from participants’ semantic memory.

Objective: IMPLICIT self THEORIES are a new and complex topic in the field of consumer behavior and marketing. The purpose of this article is to systematically review and critically analyze the research conducted on IMPLICIT self THEORIES, also known as mindsets, and to address the research question "What marketing research has been conducted for mindsets until now and what could be future avenues for research?" Methodology: A systematic review of the existing literature was performed based on two databases, Web of Science and Scopus. A total of 76 articles were included in the final analysis. The selected articles were analyzed with the help of CiteSpace software. Findings indicate that consumer’s mindset is a multidimensional concept with distinctive features. Findings: Various authors in psychology have studied and analyzed this concept with the help of various research methods. But what is clear is the novelty of mindset in the world of consumer behavior and the need for unique theoretical contributions in this area. Conclusion: This review provides transparency about the mechanisms of mindsets and their role in shaping the attitude, preferences and behavior of consumers, also provides managerial implications of consumer’s mindset and finally, mentions the future directions of this research field.